The properties of many optical materials and systems are often largely determined by their microstructure or nanostructure. Precise knowledge of the microstructure of such functionalized materials, e.g. thin-film-based optical components or glass-ceramic materials with nanoscopic crystal precipitates in a glassy matrix, is therefore crucial both for their development and for fault diagnostics if the desired properties deviate from the target specification. With the help of high-resolution analytical techniques, primarily from the field of electron microscopy and surface spectroscopy, we examine optical materials precisely and in great detail, helping our partners to understand the composition, microstructure and functionality of their materials.